U svetu arhajskog čoveka -- Kožev--"posthumni" mislilac -- Žan Delimo ili apologija pesimizma -- Pitanje tragedije.

At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from (...) social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, symbolized moral identity, self-control, open-mindedness, collective narcissism, while the inverse relationship was evident for the endorsement of conspiracy theories. However, we also found a non-negligible variability in the explained variance and predictive contributions with respect to macro-level factors such as the pandemic stage or cultural region. Overall, the results underscore the importance of morality-related and contextual factors in understanding adherence to public health recommendations during the pandemic. (shrink)

In this paper we present two families of probability logics (denoted _QLP_ and \(QLP^{ORT}\) ) suitable for reasoning about quantum observations. Assume that \(\alpha \) means “O = a”. The notion of measuring of an observable _O_ can be expressed using formulas of the form \(\square \lozenge \alpha \) which intuitively means “if we measure _O_ we obtain \(\alpha \) ”. In that way, instead of non-distributive structures (i.e., non-distributive lattices), it is possible to relay on classical logic extended with (...) the corresponding modal laws for the modal logic \({\textbf{B}}\). We consider probability formulas of the form \(CS_{z_{1},\rho _{1}; \ldots ; z_{m},\rho _{m}} \square \lozenge \alpha \) related to an observable _O_ and a possible world (vector) _w_: if _a_ is an eigenvalue of _O_, \(w_{1}\),..., \(w_{m}\) form a base of a closed subspace of the considered Hilbert space which corresponds to eigenvalue _a_, and if _w_ is a linear combination of the basis vectors such that \(w=c_{1}\cdot w_{1}+ \cdots + c_{m}\cdot w_{m}\) for some \(c_{i}\in {\mathbb {C}}\), then \(\Vert c_{1}-z_{1}\Vert \le \rho _{1}\),..., \(\Vert c_{m}-z_{m}\Vert \le \rho _{m}\), and the probability of obtaining _a_ while measuring _O_ in the state _w_ is equal to \(\Sigma _{i=1}^{m}\Vert c_{i}\Vert ^{2}\). Formulas are interpreted in reflexive and symmetric Kripke models equipped with probability distributions over families of subsets of possible worlds that are orthocomplemented lattices, while for \(QLP^{ORT}\) also satisfy ortomodularity. We give infinitary axiomatizations, prove the corresponding soundness and strong completeness theorems, and also decidability for _QLP_-logics. (shrink)

The great variety of meditation techniques found in different contemplative traditions presents a challenge when attempting to create taxonomies based on the constructs of contemporary cognitive sciences. In the current issue of Consciousness and Cognition, Travis and Shear add ‘automatic self-transcending’ to the previously proposed categories of ‘focused attention’ and ‘open monitoring’, and suggest characteristic EEG bands as the defining criteria for each of the three categories. Accuracy of current taxonomies and potential limitations of EEG measurements as classifying criteria are (...) discussed. (shrink)

The paper offers a formalization of reasoning about distributed multi-agent systems. The presented propositional probabilistic temporal epistemic logic $\textbf {PTEL}$ is developed in full detail: syntax, semantics, soundness and strong completeness theorems. As an example, we prove consistency of the blockchain protocol with respect to the given set of axioms expressed in the formal language of the logic. We explain how to extend $\textbf {PTEL}$ to axiomatize the corresponding first-order logic.

We study a propositional probabilistic temporal epistemic logic $\textbf {PTEL}$ with both future and past temporal operators, with non-rigid set of agents and the operators for agents’ knowledge and for common knowledge and with probabilities defined on the sets of runs and on the sets of possible worlds. A semantics is given by a class ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$ of Kripke-like models with possible worlds. We prove decidability of $\textbf {PTEL}$ by showing that checking satisfiability of a formula in ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$ is (...) equivalent to checking its satisfiability in a finite set of finitely representable structures. The same procedure can be applied to the class of all synchronous ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$-models. We give an upper complexity bound for the satisfiability problem for ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$. (shrink)

Since in Heyting Arithmetic all atomic formulas are decidable, a Kripke model for HA may be regarded classically as a collection of classical structures for the language of arithmetic, partially ordered by the submodel relation. The obvious question is then: are these classical structures models of Peano Arithmetic ? And dually: if a collection of models of PA, partially ordered by the submodel relation, is regarded as a Kripke model, is it a model of HA? Some partial answers to these (...) questions were obtained in [6], [3], [1] and [2]. Here we present some results in the same direction, announced in [7]. In particular, it is proved that the classical structures at the nodes of a Kripke model of HA must be models of IΔ1 and that the relation between these classical structures must be that of a Δ1-elementary submodel. MSC: 03F30, 03F55. (shrink)

It is proved that MacLane''s coherence results for monoidal and symmetric monoidal categories can be extended to some other categories with multiplication; namely, to relevant, affine and cartesian categories. All results are formulated in terms of natural transformations equipped with graphs (g-natural transformations) and corresponding morphism theorems are given as consequences. Using these results, some basic relations between the free categories of these classes are obtained.

Rafael Malach is currently a professor in the department of Neurobiology at the Weizmann Institute in Israel. His current research is aimed at understanding how the neuronal circuitry in the human brain translates a stream of sensory stimuli into meaningful perception. Rafael Malach received his PhD in physiological optics from UC Berkeley and did his post-doctorate research at MIT. Originally doing research on the organization of neuronal connections in the primate brain, his focus has recently shifted to the study of (...) the human cerebral cortex using fMRI. Professor Malach has begun this research at Massachusetts General Hospital, exploring a new object-related region called the lateral occipital complex. Since then he expanded this research, studying the human visual cortex using a variety of methods, including adaptation paradigms, backward masking, and more recently naturalistic stimuli--all aimed at deciphering the intriguing link between perceptual experience and brain activity. (shrink)

Publication date: 28 April 2021 Source: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 90 Author: Zoran Mastilo, Nenad Božović, Dejan Mastilo The paper addresses and evaluates the currency board policy and assesses whether the currency board, as a form of monetary policy, is in the function of development of Bosnia and Herzegovina's national economy. In this context, a hypothesis that the currency board provides the foundation for growth and development of a transition economy is being put to the (...) test. To test the hypothesis, the paper compares the movement of economic growth indicators among the countries of South Eastern Europe with the primary focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. By comparing the obtained results, as well as by applying the correlation and regression analysis, by means of simple linear regression, it is proven that the currency board does not represent an obstacle to economic growth, but is the basis for establishing the stability of the economy and the basis for sustainable growth and development able to adequately respond to shocks. (shrink)

Publication date: 2 May 2019 Source: Author: Zoran Mastilo Aim of this paper is to, by means of comparative analysis, demonstrate that contemporary pension systems are limitation factors of development of the Republic of Srpska, and that they should be reformed and improved. Ultimately, pension systems should be the basis for development of the Republic of Srpska. They should significantly improve strengthening of financial markets, enhancement of capital markets, higher growth rates of the Republic of Srpska, idecrease of unemployment. (...) Private pension funds are to change the habits and ideas of every future insurance holder, aiming to make the pension rights a matter of concern of every individual, instead being the obligation and ballast of the society. Today, stabile financing of pension systems and their funds is becoming increasingly questionable. A gap is emerging between the area of rights gained by law and financial possibilities for their implementation. Pay-as-you-go systems, i.e. systems of inter-generation solidarityare particularly endangered. Adequate systematization of gathered data, i.e. evidence, should provide conclusions that pension systems are a limitation todevelopment of national economy. This claim is present in underdeveloped and developing countries, with developed economies also facing grave problems. (shrink)

In this paper we propose substructural propositional logic obtained by da Costa weakening of the intuitionistic negation. We show that the positive fragment of the da Costa system is distributive lattice logic, and we apply a kind of da Costa weakening of negation, by preserving, differently from da Costa, its fundamental properties: antitonicity, inversion, and additivity for distributive lattices. The other stronger paraconsistent logic with constructive negation is obtained by adding an axiom for multiplicative property of weak negation. After that, (...) we define Kripke-style semantics based on possible worlds and derive from it many-valued semantics based on truth-functional valuations for these two paraconsistent logics. Finally, we demonstrate that this model-theoretic inference system is adequate—sound and complete with respect to the axiomatic da Costa-like systems for these two logics. (shrink)

This article critically examines the emergent phenomena of AI-generated and NFT art through the lens of Georg Lukács’ theory of reification and its existential implications. Lukács argued that under capitalism, social relations and human experiences are transformed into objective, quantifiable commodities, leading to a fragmented and alienated consciousness. Applying this framework to AI and NFT art, these technologies can be said to represent extreme examples of the reification of art and creativity in the digital age. AI art generators reduce artistic (...) production to abstract, computable properties divorced from lived experience, while NFTs transform digital art into speculative commodities, imposing the logic of private property and exchange value onto the previously open domain of online culture. The existential dimension of this reification is explored, raising questions about the nature of creativity, originality, and the value of art in an increasingly financialized and automated world. The article suggests that a Lukácsian critique must not only diagnose the reified character of these cultural forms but also identify their potential for resistance and transformation, pointing toward a re-humanized and emancipatory vision of art in the digital age. Contemporary theorists such as Tiziana Terranova, Nick Dyer-Witheford, and Benjamin Noys are invoked to further elucidate these issues. (shrink)

In this paper we consider the class of truth-functional modal many-valued logics with the complete lattice of truth-values. The conjunction and disjunction logic operators correspond to the meet and join operators of the lattices, while the negation is independently introduced as a hierarchy of antitonic operators which invert bottom and top elements. The non-constructive logic implication will be defined for a subclass of modular lattices, while the constructive implication for distributive lattices (Heyting algebras) is based on relative pseudo-complements as in (...) intuitionistic logic. We show that the complete lattices are intrinsically modal, with banal identity modal operator. We define the autoreferential set-based representation for the class of modal algebras, and show that the autoreferential Kripke-style semantics for this class of modal algebras is based on the set of possible worlds equal to the complete lattice of algebraic truth-values. The philosophical assumption is based on the consideration that each possible world represents a level of credibility, so that only propositions with the right logic value (i.e., level of credibility) can be accepted by this world, then we connect it with paraconsistent properties and LFI logics. The bottom truth value in this complete lattice corresponds to the trivial world in which each formula is satisfied, that is, to the world with explosive inconsistency. The top truth value corresponds to the world with classical logics, while all intermediate possible worlds represent the different levels of paraconsistent logics. (shrink)

This article investigates the tenet of Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) that art, like philosophy, is a form of cognition different from literal knowledge by applying key OOO concepts to the analysis of the Renaissance painting The Ambassadors (1533), a double portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/98–1543). The Ambassadors is found to exemplify the key principles of OOO in its treatment of objects and their relationships. Through an OOO lens, the painting becomes not merely a literal representation of the subjects and (...) their possessions, but a dynamic interplay of real and sensual qualities that exceeds any straightforward paraphrase. The figures and objects in the work are not simply passive symbols, but active agents that withdraw from direct access, preserving their autonomy and inviting the viewer’s participatory engagement. Holbein’s masterpiece comes alive precisely by troubling its own representational coherence, drawing the viewer into an uncanny encounter with the withdrawn depths of objects. By reading The Ambassadors through an object-oriented framework, the painting exemplifies art’s capacity to operate as a non-literal form of cognition, irreducible to mere symbolic codes or propositional knowledge. (shrink)

U nacrtu ovog projekta raspravlja se o izazovima pred kojim se nalazi nacionalna drzava u dinamicnim procesima globalizacije. Prvo se nastoji odrediti pojam globalizacije kao decentralizovani proces kondenzacije i homogenizacije prostora i vremena a zatim se ukazuje na ambivalentnu strukturu diskursa o globalizaciji - njegovu semanticku i pragmaticku dimenziju. Potom se izlaze neoliberalno glediste o eroziji i slabljenju nacionalne drzave usled premoci globalnog kapitalistickog pogona, kako u pogledu njenih tradicionalnih funkcija tako i u pogledu njenog internog i eksternog suvereniteta. Protiv (...) neoliberalne teze o eroziji nacionalne drzave izneseni su mnogi uglavnom empirijski argumenti. Neki od njih su prezentovani u ovom tekstu. Poenta ove argumentacije sastoji se u generalnom stavu da izmedju erozije nacionalne drzave i procesa globalizacije ne postoji jaka veza. U skladu sa prezentovanom kritickom argumentacijom tvrdi se da u uslovima globalizacionih procesa samo ona drustva iza kojih stoji jaka i stabilna drzava imaju izglede na uspeh. Politika a ne ekonomija i dalje dominira medjunarodnim odnosima. Naglasavanje momenta drzavne politike otvara novu perspektivu u razmatranju procesa globalizacije. Tekuci globalizacioni procesi ne mogu se razumeti nezavisno od geopolitickih interesa i promene balansa svetske moci. Tekst se zavrsava ukazivanjem na ideologicnost neoliberalnog diskursa o globalizaciji propitivanjem druge bazicne i nereflektovane pretpostavke ovog diskursa po kojoj su procesi globalizacije u isto vreme i procesi emancipacije. Osporavanjem nuzne veze izmedju globalizacije i emancipacije gradi se pozicija sa koje je moguca normativna kritika tekucih procesa. (shrink)

Razvoj biofarmaceutika predstavlja izazov u bioetici. Za razliku od uobicajenih lekova male molekulske mase, biofarmaceutici su proteini kompleksne trodimenzionalne strukture koji se dobijaju tehnologijom rekombinantne DNK i tehnikom hibridoma. Imunogenost biofarmaceutika treba uvek proveriti u klinickim studijama zbog male prediktivne prednosti pretklinickih animalnih modela. Medjutim, primati i transgeni sojevi miseva mogu se upotrebiti da bi se naznacili neki aspekti imunogenosti. Znacajni napori su ucinjeni u cilju smanjenja upotrebe primata u razvoju biofarmaceutika, npr. poboljsanja dizajna istrazivanja i promene u zakonskoj regulativi. (...) Osim toga, u ovoj oblasti su aktivne i pojedine ekspertske grupe. Uprkos tome, postoji rastuci trend upotrebe primata izuzev coveka u pretklinickom ispitivanju bezbednosti biofarmaceutika, posebno kada su u pitanju monoklonska antitela. Druga bioeticka pitanja koja se mogu dovesti u vezu sa razvojem biofarmaceutika su odnos njihove cene i efikasnosti, procena bezbednosti u klinickim uslovima, proizvodnja bioloski slicnih lekova i uporedjivanje njihove efikasnosti sa placebom u zemljama u kojima ne postoji namera o plasmanu. Upoznavanje humanog genoma otvorilo je mnoga bioeticka pitanja. Razvoj biofarmaceutika je vazno bioeticko pitanje iz vise razloga. Ono povezuje sve aspekte savremene bioetike: biomedicinu, dobrobit zivotinja i najnovija dostignuca u biotehnologiji. Posebno, razvoj biofarmaceutika je izazov kada je u pitanju lecenje retkih bolesti. (shrink)

Aristotle?s definition of humans determines his understanding of education in Politics as politikon zo?n. This definition should always be considered together with the other most important Aristotle?s statement about the human being, in which he claims that?man alone of the animals possesses speech?. The ability to speak becomes most important within the specific political partnership, which has at last attained the limit of virtually complete?self-sufficiency?. Contrary to?every household? where the eldest member?gives the law? to sons and spouses, in the city, (...) the?speech is designed to indicate the advantageous and harmful, and the right and wrong?. In sum, justice became political. It always appears like the outcome of an argument or dispute on what is just. We should understand education in the context of the previous statements. Dispute, the keyword of Aristotle?s understanding of education, appears in the first sentence of Politics VIII. Aristotle states that?they dispute? the question of what?constitutes education and what is the proper way to be educated?. There is not one complete, definitive, and standard answer to the question of what is the best way to be educated that we should implement in the educational activities. Based on Aristotle?s view, I claim that the first purpose of education is not to determine and constrain the activity of the youth and citizens in general, but to provoke and facilitate the dispute on the essence and aims of education. (shrink)

Na tragu novog citanja Kantove trece kritike, koje nam u svojim Predavanjima o Kantovoj politickoj filozofiji sudjenja predlaze Hana Arent, autor se u ovom radu bavi funkcijom umetnosti u uspostavljanju, uredjenju i profilisanju politicke zajednice, fokusirajuci se pritom pre svega na oblast muzike. Svoju analizu on zapocinje sa antickim misliocima, a nastavlja je problematizovanjem mesta koja se ticu umetnickog oblikovanja zivota gradjana u moderno doba. Njegov cilj je pritom da pokaze da se filozofija umetnosti, tj. filozofija muzike, jednako mogu shvatiti (...) i kao politicka filozofija, upravo stoga sto se u analizi pomenutih fenomena neprestano osvedocuju bliska isprepletenost politike i estetike, tj. umetnosti i moci, odnosno, muzike i moci. Njegov zakljucak je da, uslovno receno, estetsko opste culo mozemo shvatiti kao svojevrsni ljudski organ za javno esteticko zdruzivanje gradjana. Muzika, pesnistvo, likovna umetnost, itd. postaju orudje politickog oblikovanja gradjana, odnosno, orudje njihovog politickog zivota. (shrink)

Osnovno pitanje koje rad pokreće je na koji nam način istraživanje ideje univerziteta omogućuje da danas pred njom otvorimo nove horizonte? Fichteovo, Schleiermacherovo i Humboldtovo inzistiranje na obrani autonomije univerziteta stvorilo je novi problem – sudbinsko vezivanje univerziteta za državu pokazalo se kao preveliko breme. Pritisnut zahtjevima države za proizvođenjem profesionalne kompetencije, u svijetu koji je sve više insistirao na administrativnoj i privrednoj funkcionalnosti i efikasnosti, univerzitet se sve više udaljavao od svojih modernih prosvjetiteljsko-humanističkih okvira, odnosno, od proklamirane emancipatorske uloge (...) znanja. Međutim, on je jednako bio žrtvom visoko podignutog tona kojim je bio praćen govor filozofa njemačkog idealizma. Univerzitet tako biva razapet između znanosti, nacije i države. Ideja univerziteta se time pretvorila u ideologiju univerziteta. Dijagnoza je glasila da je univerzitet ostao bez svoje ideje. Tako se danas odgovor na pitanje ima li ideja univerziteta još uvijek snagu legitimizacije same institucije, kod Habermasa, Lyotarda i Derridaa, poklapa s pokušajem »buđenja« samih živih aktera univerziteta, profesora i studenata. Današnji put filozofije u nekakvo novo legitimiziranje univerziteta moguće je samo ako ova revidira svoj stav prema toj instituciji. Možemo li re-legitimiziranje univerziteta shvatiti kao jedan novi vic?!Die Grundfrage dieser Studie ist wie diese Forschung uns ermöglichen könnte, vor der Idee der Universität einen neuen Horizont zu öffnen. Fichtes, Schleiermachers und Humboldts Behharen auf der Verteidigung der Autonomie der Universität hat ein anderes Problem verursacht – schicksalhafte Beziehung der Universität mit dem Staat, die sich als zu schwierige Belastung erwiesen hat. Unter dem Einfluss des Staates eine professionelle Kompetenz zu produzieren, in der Welt, die an Verwaltungs- und Wirtschaftlichsfunktionalität und Leistungsfähigkeit zunehmend insistierte, entfernte die Universität weiter von ihren modernen aufklärerisch-humanistischen Rahmen, d.h. von der verkündigten emanzipatorischen Rolle des Wissens. Die Universität war, aber, gleichartig das Opfer des hoch gehobenen Tons, mit dem die Philosophen des deutschen Idealismus über sie gesprochen haben. Damit wird die Universität zwischen Wissenschaft, Nation und Staat verspannt. Die Idee der Universität verwandelte sich in die Ideologie der Universität. Die Universität ist ohne ihre Idee geblieben. So heute zustimmt, bei Habermas, Lyotard und Derrida, die Antwort auf die Frage ob die Idee der Universität immer noch die Institution selbst legitimieren könnte, mit dem Versuch des Erwachens der „lebendigen Akteure“ der Universität, Professoren und Studenten. Der heutige Weg der Philosophie in eine neue Legitimierung der Universität ist möglich nur wenn sie ihre Haltung zu der Institution revidiert. Können wir die Re-Legitimierung der Universität als einen neuen Witz verstehen?! (shrink)

Razmatrajuci mesijansku ideju u novovekovnom judaizmu, autor se usredsredjuje na sabatajski pokret. On ispituje drustveno-istorijske i psiholoske razloge koji su omogucili masovno prihvatanje Sabataja Cvija za mesiju, kao i ostajanje vernim tom uverenju cak i kada je on izneverio velika ocekivanja, neocekivano presavsi u islamsku veru. Mladi rabin Natan iz Gaze, oslanjajuci se na Lurijinu kabalu, ne samo sto je ubedio jevrejski narod u to da je Sabataj Cvi dugo ocekivani mesija nego je i ponudio teorijsko opravdanje njegove navodno prividne (...) izdaje. Opravdanje sablaznjivog ponasanja Sabataja Cvija, koji je bio manijakalno-depresivna osoba, vodilo je kod ekstremnih sabatajaca do uverenja o svetosti greha, cime je mesijanska ideja u novovekovnom judaizmu izoblicena do krajnje grotesknosti. (shrink)

Der Verfasser befasst sich zuerst mit den theoretischen und gesellschaftlich - geschichtlichen Voraussetzungen der Konzeption der Vernunft Kants. Kants Auseinandersetzung mit dem Problem der Metaphysik, wie auch die Aufgaben einer philosophischen Begr?ndung der Wissenschaft und einer Grundlegend der Ethik, haben die Einf?hrung eines Unterschieds zwischen Verstand und Vernunft, Kategorien und Ideen, bzw. der theoretischen und der praktischen Sph?re bedingt. Nach einer Betrachtung der Konstitution Rolle des Verstandes und des Regulativen Gebrauchs der Ideen in der theoretischen Sph?re untersuchte der Autor Kants (...) Auffassung?ber die Konsumtion Rolle der Vernunft in der praktischen Sph?re. Sich auf seine Lehre vom Primat der praktischen?ber die theoretischen Vernunft, bzw. vom Primat der Moralit?t?ber die Wissenschaft st?tzend, stellt der Verfasser fest, dass f?r eine Zivilisieren der Verstand gen?gt, aber f?r eine Moralisieren die Vernunft unentbehrlich ist. Bei seiner Betrachtung von Kants Versuch der?berbr?ckung des Abgrunds zwischen Natur und Freiheit durch die Einf?hrung der reflektierenden Urteilskraft, verweist der Autor auf eine?hnlichkeit zwischen der Vernunft und der reflektierenden Urteilskraft bez?glich ihrer Regulativen Rolle in der theoretischen Erkenntnis. Die Untersuchung des Verh?ltnisses zwischen Natur und Vernunft in der Philosophie von Kant, wie auch die Konfrontation der Konzeptionen der Vernunft von Kant und Hegel bietet die Voraussetzungen f?r das Verstehen eines ambivalenten Verh?ltnisses des K?nigsberg Denkers zur Revolution. Nach einer?berpr?fung des Urteils von Lukacs?ber Kant als einem typischen Vertreter des b?rgerlichen Denkens, er?rtert der Verfasser am Ende der Studie, ob uns Kants Philosophie helfen kann, die Krise zu?berwinden, in der sich die Menschheit heute befindet.. Autor najpre ispituje teorijske i drustveno-istorijske pretpostavke Kantove koncepcije uma. Kantovo suocavanje s problemom statusa metafizike, kao i zadaci filozofskog utemeljenja nauke i zasnivanja etike uslovili su uspostavljanje razlike izmedju razuma i uma, kategorija i ideja, odnosno teorijske i prakticke sfere. Nakon razmatranja konstitutivne uloge razuma i regulativne upotrebe ideja u teorijskoj sferi, autor ispituje Kantovo shvatanje konstitutivne uloge uma u praktickoj sferi. Oslanjajuci se na njegovo ucenje o primatu praktickog nad teorijskim umom, morala nad naukom autor zakljucuje da je za civilizovanost dovoljan razum, dok je za moralizovanost neophodan um. Posto je razmotrio Kantov pokusaj da uvodjenjem refleksivne moci sudjenja premosti ponor izmedju nuznosti i slobode, autor ukazuje na slicnost uma i refleksivne moci sudjenja u pogledu njihove regulativne uloge u teorijskom saznanju. Ispitivanje odnosa prirode i uma u Kantovoj filozofiji, kao i suceljavanje Kantove i Hegelove koncepcije uma nude pretpostavke za razumevanje ambivalentnog stava kenigsberskog mislioca prema revoluciji. Nakon preispitivanja Lukaceve ocene o Kantu kao tipicnom predstavniku gradjanskog misljenja, autor ne kraju rada raspravlja da li nam Kantova filozofija moze pomoci da prebrodimo krizu u kojoj se danas covecanstvo nalazi. (shrink)

Der Verfasser betrachtet Adornos Deutung der Strategie der modernen Kunst in ihrem Versuch der verdinglichtenWelt zu widerstehen. Diese Strategie bezeichnet der frankfurter Denker als Mimesis der Verdinglichung,?berzeugt davon, dass die Kunst gegen den Bann opponieren kann, nur inwiefern sie sich mit diesem identifiziert. Abstraktheit, Dissonanz und Nihilismus der modernen Kunst fasst Adorno geradezu als Mimesis der Verdinglichung auf. Das Ziel der modernen Kunst sei es, dass sie mit der eigenen "H?sslichkeit" eine verborgene H?sslichkeit derWelt entlarvt, d.h. dass sie den Rezipienten (...) schockiert und ihn dadurch aus der konformistischen Schl?frigkeit auff?hrt. Nachdem der Verfasser Adornos Deutung der Strategie der modernen Kunst betrachtet hat, bemerkt er, dass auch sie sich, nach Anfangserfolgen, der Herrschaft der instrumentalen Vernunft, d.h. derWelt, die sich auf dem abstrakten b?rgerlichen Prinzip des Tausches gr?ndet, als nicht gewachsen herausgestellt hat. Autor razmatra Adornovo tumacenje strategije moderne umetnosti u njenom pokusaju odolevanja postvarenom svetu. Ovu strategiju moderne umetnosti frankfurtski mislilac oznacava kao mimezis postvarenja, uveren da umetnost moze oponirati stezi ukletosti jedino ukoliko se identifikuje s njom. Apstraktnost, disonantnost i nihilizam moderne umetnosti Adorno shvata upravo kao mimezis postvarenja. Cilj moderne umetnosti je da vlastitom ruznocom razoblici prikrivenu "ruznocu" sveta, da svojom sokantnoscu trgne recipijenta iz konformistickog dremeza. Razmotrivsi Adornovo tumacenje strategije moderne umetnosti, autor primecuje da se i ona, nakon pocetnih uspeha, pokazala nedoraslom vladavini instrumentalnog uma, tj. svetu koji pociva na apstraktnom principu razmene. (shrink)

Sich auf Hegels Auffassung des Fanatismus st?tzend, versucht der Verfasser dieses Ph?nomen zu verstehen. Er weist darauf hin, dass f?r Fanatismus nicht nur der Einsatz f?r das abstrakte Allgemeine und die Verkehrung der moralischen Position in das eigene Gegenteil, sondern auch die Ausschliesslichkeit und?bertriebene Leidenschaft charakteristisch ist. Fanatismus und Individualismus gegen?berstellend, betont der Autor, dass es sich in beiden F?llen um eine Egoposition handelt. Im Unterschied zum starken, extrovertierten individualistischen Ego, handelt es sich im Fall des Fanatismus um das schwache, (...) inferiore Ego. Statt der falschen Alternative einer einseitigen Bevorzugung von Einzelnem oder Allgemeinem, sollte dialektisch Einzelnes und Allgemeines vermittelt werden. Es ist unm?glich den Fanatiker durch Argumente von der Falschheit seiner Position zu?berzeugen. Die einzige Weise, dass er auf sie verzichtet, ist es, eine religi?se Transformation zu erleben. Oslanjajuci se na Hegelovo shvatanje fanatizma, autor pokusava da razume ovaj fenomen. On ukazuje da za fanatizam nije karakteristicno samo zalaganje za apstraktno opste i preokretanje moralne pozicije u vlastitu suprotnost, nego takodje iskljucivost i preterana strast. Protivstavljajuci fanatizam i individualizam, autor naglasava da se u oba slucaja radi o ego poziciji. Za razliku od jakog, ekstrovertiranog individualistickog ega, u slucaju fanatizma radi se o slabom, inferiornom ja. Umesto lazne alternative jednostranog favorizovanja pojedinacnog ili opsteg, trebalo bi da pojedinacno i opste budu dijalekticki posredovani. Nemoguce je fanatika argumentima ubediti u laznost njegove pozicije. Jedini nacin da on od nje odustane je da dozivi religiozni preobrazaj. (shrink)

Nakon ukazivanja na razlicite religijske koncepcije porekla zla, autor se usredsredjuje na razmatranje hinduizma kao tipicnog primera monizma. Buduci da su indijska bozanstva zapravo manifestacije vecnog pranacela, ona u sebi sadrze jedinstvo suprotnosti, tj. imaju i svetlu i mracnu stranu. Zlo koje pogadja pojedinca tumaci se kao ogresenje o univerzalni kosmicki i moralni poredak. Ucenje da covekovu sudbinu odredjuju njegova dela iz prethodnih inkarnacija gotovo je opsteprihvaceno u Indiji. Ideja karme u isti mah obezbedjuje kosmicku pravdu i lisava Boga odgovornosti (...) za zlo u svetu. Apersonalni zakon karme ima takodje i pedagosku funkciju. Citav svet je proistekao iz brahmana i nalazi se u procesu evolucije. Kroz brojne zivote i razlicita iskustva, trpeci posledice svog ponasanja, individua stice duhovnu pouku. U vremenima kosmickih kriza, kada zlo preovladava svetom, Visnu se inkarnira u liku avatara da bi pobedio zlo i obnovio blokiranu evoluciju. Mada zlo biva porazeno, ono ipak ne moze biti sasvim iskorenjeno iz fizickog sveta. Spasenje je za coveka moguce tek kad sagori ego i, prosvetlivsi se transcendira sferu dualnosti. (shrink)

. A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way. In an earlier paper [Notre Dame J. Form. Log. 49, 401–424], we developed the systems of weakening of intuitionistic negation logic, called and, in the spirit of da Costa's approach by preserving, differently from da Costa, the fundamental properties of negation: antitonicity, inversion and additivity for distributive lattices. Taking into account these results, we make some observations on the modified systems of and, (...) and their paraconsistent properties. (shrink)